Adoption potential of fruit-tree-based agroforestry on small farms in the subtropical highlands

Worldwide, fruit-tree-based agroforestry systems have been only modestly studied, although they are common on smallholder farms. Such systems based on apple (Malus spp.), peach (Prunus spp.), and pear (Pyrus spp.) are common in northwest Guatemala as low intensity homegardens and are known to increase total farm productivity in communities where farm size is a limiting factor. This study investigated the potential for adoption of fruit-tree-based agroforestry by resource-limited farmers using ethnographic investigation and linear programming simulations of farm activities at the household level. Two communities with differing demographics, infrastructure, and access to regional markets were selected based on the presence of extensive fruit-tree-based agroforestry. The influences of family size, land holdings, and tree and crop yields on the optimal adoption levels of fruit trees were evaluated through a comparative study of the varying social and physical infrastructure present in the two communities. Fruit-tree-based agroforestry was potentially more attractive to relatively prosperous families or those with larger land holdings. Improvements in fruit-tree productivity and interspecies competition were of greater importance where family land holdings were smaller. The inability of families to produce sufficient food to meet annual needs, poor fruit quality, and lack of market infrastructure were identified as constraints that limit adoption. The complementarity of production with the dominant maize (Zea mays) crop, home consumption of fruit, and the potential to generate additional cash on limited land holdings were identified as factors promoting adoption of fruit-tree-based agroforestry.     

Optimal management of a flammable multi-stand forest for timber production and maintenance of nesting sites for wildlife

Decline of cavity-using wildlife species is a major forest management issue. One of the causes of this problem is the loss in cavity tree abundance, resulting from short rotation silviculture, stand-replacing disturbance events and timber harvesting in disturbed stands. Cavity tree availability cannot be guaranteed due to the stochastic nature of disturbance events. We developed a Markov model to predict future cavity tree availability under alternative tree felling and fire protection strategies using information on cavity tree dynamics and fire history. Stochastic dynamic programming was used to find a strategy that maximizes timber revenues less forest management costs, including the cost of an artificial nest-box program that must be implemented whenever cavity trees become critically scarce. The requirement to implement a nest-box program in such circumstances strongly influenced the optimal tree felling strategy and resulted in a higher probability of having cavity trees in the future. This reflected an increase in the retention of old growth forest and stands with fire-killed cavity trees as well as stands of younger trees to provide a future source of cavities. These results demonstrate the need to consider the costs of artificial habitat enhancement and the risk of future cavity tree scarcity in multiple-use forest management planning.     

基于UG的数控加工的研究与应用

数控加工是机械制造领域中新兴的综合性技术,它较好地解决了复杂、精密、小批、多变的零件加工问题。为了达到预期的加工效果,必须编制高质量的数控程序。利用UG软件的CAM模块,根据建立起的3D模型生成数控代码,用于产品的加工,其后处理程序支持多种类型的数控机床。从而大大提高实际加工的效率,缩短了生产周期。     

利用EXCEL求解农业机器系统优化配备量

数学中线性规划问题的求解一直是很繁琐的,功能强大的Excel软件提供了一种很好的求解方法.为此,以兵团某中心团场为例,建立了农业机器系统优化配备的线性规划模型,论述了利用Excel进行求解的过程.通过Excel对建立的模型进行求解,得到了该中心团场优化的农业机器系统配备量,优化的结果与现实系统相比,全年作业成本降低了10.31%,农业机器系统配备量减少了21.39%.这表明,利用Excel进行求解具有操作方法简单、方便和快捷的特点.     

利用动态规划设计温室前屋面最佳形状的研究

用动态规划方法进行温室的最佳前屋面形状设计表明，采用总进光量最大作为规划目标，建立了动态规划求解模型，并对沈阳地区跨度为６０ｍ、脊高为２８ｍ的温室进行了优化。     

机耕道自动驾驶农机局部路径规划

针对机耕道场景下自动驾驶农机行驶的安全性、平稳性与规划实时性的实际需求，该研究提出了一种基于二次规划的局部路径规划方法。首先基于有限状态机构建农机机耕道行驶模式，其次采用横纵向解耦的方法，通过改进状态栅格法分别对农机速度行为和轨迹行为进行决策，随后利用二次规划方法生成满足多目标、多约束条件的农机轨迹和速度，得到最优路径，最后在多种行驶环境中进行仿真和实车试验，行驶参考速度为2 m/s。实车试验结果表明，在绕行静态障碍物场景中，规划轨迹的平均绝对曲率为0.021 m^-1，最大绝对曲率为0.056 m^-1，平均绝对横向误差为3.23 cm，最大绝对横向误差为8.69 cm，农机与障碍物外轮廓的距离大于0.76 m；在规避相向行驶、同向行驶和横穿机耕道的动态障碍物场景中，规划速度的平均绝对速度误差为0.08～0.12 m/s，绝对速度误差小于0.38 m/s，加速度变化范围为-0.38～0.44 m/s²。在规划周期为200 ms的仿真试验中，本文算法平均耗时48 ms，最大耗时75 ms，相比采用静态状态栅格法平均耗时减少38 ms，算法效率提升44%。研究结果可为机耕道场景下的农机局部路径规划提供技术支持。     

森工企业木材产品生产投入产出优化模型

本文根据系统思想,分析了森工企业中木材生产格局,建立了优化在生产格局中木材产品生产投入产出的线性规划微机决策支持模型,并探讨了将本模型应用于优化木材投向、制定企业木材生产发展战略、完善目标管理和承包经营等方面的问题.     

网络课件在C程序设计语言教学中的应用

传统的黑白教学方法存在着一些弊端，导致学习效率降低、资源浪费。网络教学这种新型教育模式不仅大大提高了学习效率，而且很大程度地发挥了教育资源的作用。本文以C程序设计语言为例，阐述了制作网络课件的关键技术和实现技巧。     

复杂防洪系统大规模LP模型扒口分洪运用方式分阶段算法研究

从水库、分蓄洪区及河道调蓄洪的基本原理出发，建立了一个复杂防洪系统的大规模线性规划（ＬＰ）模型。针对隐含着０～１要素、难以拟线性化的扒口分洪问题，提出了判断扒口分洪界点及其相应的分阶段算法的处理方法。实例验算表明，该分阶段算法是可行的。     

DS1820数字温度计在微机温度采集系统中的程序编制

采用DS1820数字温度计实现的微机温度采集系统，硬件结构简单．为了保证正确地采集温度数据，必须严格按照DS1820与主机的通信协议编制程序．